How to Cite in MLA 9: Complete MLA 9th Edition Citation Guide

Introduction

If you have ever stared at a Works Cited page and thought, “I did this last semester, why does it feel different now,” you are not alone. A lot of the stress around MLA 9th edition comes from uncertainty about what actually changed, what stayed the same, and what your instructor expects when they say “use MLA.” That MLA 8 vs MLA 9 confusion can make even simple sources feel risky, especially when you are juggling deadlines and trying to avoid accidental plagiarism.

This MLA citation guide is built to meet you where you are. It is a complete guide to MLA 9 rules, but it is written for real writing situations, not just perfect textbook examples. You will get clear steps for MLA formatting in your paper and for building citations that match the MLA Handbook’s core principles, with extra attention to the spots that tend to trip people up. Complex citation formats, like sources with multiple contributors, missing authors, or works nested inside containers, will be broken down into manageable decisions you can repeat.

You will also see practical guidance on works cited organization, including how to alphabetize entries and how to avoid common “quick fix” habits that MLA does not want. For example, MLA 9 emphasizes clarity in author names. You should use full first names rather than initials, invert only the first author’s name, use the word “and” for two authors, and use “et al.” after the first author for three or more authors. If there is no author, you start with the title, and you do not insert “Anonymous” or “n.d.” as placeholders. These details matter because they affect both correctness and how easily your reader can locate your source.

By the end of this guide, you should feel confident moving from source to citation without second guessing every comma. You will learn the patterns behind MLA 9th edition citations, so you can adapt them to almost anything you find, from books and journal articles to web pages and streaming media.

Understanding MLA 9th Edition

Core philosophy of MLA 9 citations

MLA 9 is built around one central idea, cite the source in a way that helps readers find it quickly and verify your claims. Instead of memorizing a different template for every source type, MLA 9 asks you to identify the key facts about a source and present them in a consistent order. This approach is flexible enough for books, articles, videos, podcasts, social media posts, and materials that live inside larger platforms.

MLA 9 also reflects a research reality, many sources now exist in layers. A short work might appear inside a larger work, which might be hosted in a database, which might be accessed through a library system. MLA 9 handles this by using the container system, which lets you cite each layer clearly.

Two values guide the style:

• Clarity for readers. Your citation should make it obvious what you used and where it came from.
• Consistency for researchers. When citations follow the same logic, readers can scan a Works Cited list and understand sources quickly.

A practical way to remember the philosophy is, identify the work you used, then identify where it lives, then provide the details that help someone locate it.

What MLA means by “elements”

MLA 9 organizes citations using “core elements.” You do not always use every element, but you use the ones that apply, in a standard order. The most common elements are:

• Author.
• Title of source.
• Title of container.
• Other contributors.
• Version.
• Number.
• Publisher.
• Publication date.
• Location.

The container system explains why “Title of container” appears in the middle. It is often the key to locating the source.

The container system, what it is and why it matters

A container is the larger whole that holds the source you are citing. If you cite a poem published in an anthology, the anthology is the container. If you cite an article found in a database, the journal is one container and the database can be a second container.

The container system matters because it solves a common problem, readers often cannot find a source using only the title and author. Containers supply the path. They answer questions like:

• Was the article in a journal, a magazine, or a website?
• Was the video on YouTube or embedded on a news site?
• Did you access the article through JSTOR, Gale, or another database?

Container 1 and container 2

Many sources have one container. Some have two. MLA 9 allows you to list a second container when it helps readers locate the source.

• Container 1 is usually the immediate larger work, such as a journal, an edited book, a website, or a streaming service.
• Container 2 is often a platform or database that hosts the container 1 content, such as JSTOR, ProQuest, or a library database.

You should include a second container when it adds real locating power. If it does not help the reader, you can usually omit it.

Author rules that support the MLA 9 philosophy

Your rules emphasize a key MLA 9 priority, author names should be clear and respectful, and they should support alphabetizing in the Works Cited list.

Full first names, not initials (MLA9-R1.1)

MLA 9 prefers full first names because they reduce confusion and better represent the author. Initials can hide identity and can make it harder to distinguish between authors with similar last names.

• Correct: Morrison, Toni
• Incorrect: Morrison, T. (initials)

Invert only the first author (MLA9-R1.2)

The first author is inverted to support alphabetical order in Works Cited.

• Correct: Smith, John David
• Incorrect: John David Smith

Two authors use “and,” second author not inverted (MLA9-R1.3)

This rule improves readability and keeps the list consistent.

• Correct: Garcia, Maria, and Sanjay Patel
• Incorrect: Garcia, Maria and Patel, Sanjay (second author inverted)
• Incorrect: Garcia, Maria, & Sanjay Patel (ampersand)

Three or more authors use “et al.” (MLA9-R1.4)

MLA 9 simplifies long author lists while still crediting the lead author.

• Correct: Nickels, William, et al.
• Incorrect: Nickels, William, Smith, John, et al. (lists extra authors)

No author, start with the title (MLA9-R1.5)

If no author is listed, MLA 9 does not want placeholders like “Anonymous” or “n.d.” You start with the title, and you alphabetize by that title, ignoring A, An, and The.

Examples with correct formatting and explanations

Example 1, Journal article in a database (two containers)

Scenario: You read a journal article, the article is in a journal, and you accessed it through JSTOR.

Works Cited entry (correct formatting):
Garcia, Maria Elena, and Sanjay Patel. “Urban Heat and Public Health.” Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 42, no. 3, 2021, pp. 155-178. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1234567.

Why this works:
- The authors follow your rules, full first names are used, the first author is inverted, the second author is not inverted, and “and” is spelled out (MLA9-R1.1 to MLA9-R1.3).
- “Urban Heat and Public Health” is the title of the source and is in quotation marks because it is a short work.
- Journal of Environmental Studies is container 1 and is italicized because it is the larger work.
- JSTOR is container 2, included because it helps readers locate the article.
- The database URL functions as a location.

Practical tip: If your instructor prefers DOIs, use the DOI when available. If not, a stable URL is usually fine.

Example 2, Chapter in an edited book (one container)

Scenario: You cite one chapter from an anthology edited by someone else.

Works Cited entry (correct formatting):
Morrison, Toni. “Memory and Meaning.” Perspectives on Modern Literature, edited by David Lee, Riverbend Press, 2018, pp. 45-62.

Why this works:
- The author name uses a full first name and is inverted (MLA9-R1.1 and MLA9-R1.2).
- The chapter title is the source title in quotation marks.
- The book title is the container and is italicized.
- “edited by David Lee” is listed as an other contributor because it helps identify the exact book.
- Page range is the location within the container, which is especially important for print sources.

Common pitfall: Students sometimes italicize the chapter title and put the book title in quotation marks. MLA does the opposite, short work in quotes, whole work in italics.

Example 3, Webpage with no author (title starts the entry)

Scenario: You use a webpage that does not list an author.

Works Cited entry (correct formatting):
“Climate Change Effects.” Nature Today, 14 Mar. 2024, https://www.naturetoday.org/climate-change-effects.

Why this works:
- With no author, the title moves to the first position (MLA9-R1.5).
- You do not add “Anonymous” or “n.d.” because MLA 9 does not want placeholders.
- The website name, Nature Today, is the container. It is italicized.
- The URL provides a direct location.

Practical tip: If the page has an organization clearly responsible for the content, MLA sometimes allows that as a corporate author. If the site does not explicitly name an authoring organization, starting with the title is safer.

Why these rules matter, beyond “following directions”

These rules are not just formatting trivia. They help your reader do three important things:

1. Identify the source quickly. Full names reduce confusion, especially in fields where many authors share a last name.
2. Understand the source’s context. Containers show whether something is a peer-reviewed journal article, a chapter in an edited book, or a webpage.
3. Locate the exact item you used. Volume, issue, page range, database name, and URLs create a reliable trail.

In short, MLA 9 citations support academic honesty and make your research useful to others.

Practical tips and common pitfalls

Tips

• Build citations by asking, “What did I use,” then “Where did I find it,” then “How can someone locate it.”
• Use full first names when available, especially for the first author, and do not replace them with initials (MLA9-R1.1).
• Add a second container only when it improves findability, such as databases.

Common pitfalls

• Using initials for authors, even when full names are available (MLA9-R1.1).
• Inverting the second author’s name in a two-author work (MLA9-R1.3).
• Listing multiple authors before “et al.” (MLA9-R1.4).
• Using “Anonymous” or “n.d.” when no author is listed (MLA9-R1.5).
• Confusing what gets quotation marks versus italics, short work in quotation marks, whole work and containers in italics.

If you want, share one of your sources, and I can identify its containers and draft a correct MLA 9 Works Cited entry using these rules.

Author Formatting Rules

Overview, why author formatting matters in MLA 9

In MLA 9, author name formatting is not a small detail. It is one of the main tools that helps readers find your sources quickly, and it helps your Works Cited list stay consistent and easy to scan. MLA uses author names to:

• Support alphabetical order in the Works Cited list, so readers can locate a source by last name.
• Match in text citations to the correct Works Cited entry, especially when you cite multiple works.
• Identify authors clearly and respectfully, which is one reason MLA prefers full first names instead of initials.

When author names are formatted correctly, your citations look professional, your reader can trace your research, and you avoid confusion between authors with similar names.

Use full first names, not initials

The rule

MLA 9 emphasizes full first names for authors. Avoid using initials for first names, and generally avoid abbreviating middle names into initials. This increases clarity and reduces ambiguity.

What this looks like

• Correct: Morrison, Toni
• Correct: Garcia, Maria Elena
• Incorrect: Morrison, T.
• Incorrect: Morrison, T. E.

Why it matters

Initials can hide identity, and they can create confusion. For example, “J. Smith” could refer to many different writers. Using full names helps readers confirm they have found the right author and the right source.

Practical tip

If a database record shows initials, try clicking into the full record, viewing the PDF, or checking the title page of the book or article. Many sources display the author’s full name somewhere even if a short form appears in a search result.

Invert the first author’s name

The rule

The first author listed in a Works Cited entry is written in inverted order:

Last name, First name Middle name (optional)

This inversion is the standard MLA approach because it makes alphabetizing by last name straightforward.

What this looks like

• Correct: Smith, John David
• Incorrect: John David Smith

Why it matters

Your Works Cited list is alphabetized by the first element of each entry. When an author is present, that first element is usually the author’s last name. If you do not invert the name, your list becomes harder to alphabetize and harder to use.

Common pitfall

Some writers mistakenly invert every author’s name in multi author works. In MLA, only the first author is inverted. The next section shows how that works.

Two authors, use “and,” do not invert the second author

The rule

For a work with two authors, list both names. Invert the first author’s name, then write the second author’s name in normal order. Use the word and between them.

Last, First, and First Last

What this looks like

• Correct: Garcia, Maria, and Sanjay Patel
• Incorrect: Garcia, Maria, & Sanjay Patel (uses an ampersand)
• Incorrect: Garcia, Maria and Patel, Sanjay (inverts the second author)
• Incorrect: Garcia, Maria, Patel, Sanjay (missing “and”)

Why it matters

Using “and” and keeping the second author in normal order is a consistent MLA pattern that improves readability. It also signals clearly that the first name is the one used for alphabetizing the entry in the Works Cited list.

Practical tip

Keep an eye on punctuation. In MLA, the comma after the first author’s first name is important, and the word “and” should be spelled out.

Three or more authors, use “et al.” after the first author

The rule

For a work with three or more authors, MLA 9 uses a shortened form. List only the first author, then add et al. Do not list the second and third authors before et al.

Last, First, et al.

What this looks like

• Correct: Nickels, William, et al.
• Incorrect: Nickels, William, Smith, John, et al. (lists additional authors)
• Incorrect: Nickels, W., et al. (uses an initial)

Why it matters

Long author lists can clutter a Works Cited page. MLA’s et al. rule keeps citations clean while still giving clear credit by naming the first author. It also keeps formatting consistent across different sources.

Common pitfall

Students sometimes write “and et al.” or forget the period after “al.” MLA uses et al. with a period because “al.” is an abbreviation.

Examples with detailed explanations

Example 1, one author, full name and inversion

Correct formatting (author element):
Morrison, Toni

Explanation:
This is the simplest MLA author format. The last name comes first, followed by a comma, then the full first name. MLA prefers “Toni” rather than “T.” because full names are clearer. This format also ensures the entry will be alphabetized under “M,” which is how readers expect to search for Morrison in a Works Cited list.

Common mistake to avoid:
Do not write “Toni Morrison” at the start of a Works Cited entry. That is normal name order, but MLA requires inversion for the first author.

Example 2, two authors, first inverted, second normal, use “and”

Correct formatting (author element):
Garcia, Maria, and Sanjay Patel

Explanation:
MLA uses inversion only for the first author because the first author controls alphabetization. The second author remains in normal order, “Sanjay Patel,” which keeps the author list readable. The word “and” is required, and an ampersand is not used in MLA Works Cited entries.

Common mistakes to avoid:
- Do not invert the second author, do not write “Patel, Sanjay.”
- Do not remove the “and.” Without it, the author list becomes confusing.

Example 3, three or more authors, first author plus et al.

Correct formatting (author element):
Nickels, William, et al.

Explanation:
This format gives the first author in inverted order, then shortens the remaining author list to et al. This is the MLA 9 standard for three or more authors. Notice that “William” is written in full, not as “W.” Also notice the punctuation, there is a comma before et al., and there is a period after “al.”

Common mistakes to avoid:
- Do not list multiple authors and then add et al. MLA does not want “Nickels, William, Smith, John, et al.”
- Do not use initials for the first author. MLA still expects a full first name.

Practical tips and common pitfalls checklist

Tips

• Copy carefully, then verify. Database citations often contain errors. Check the author name against the source itself when possible.
• Use the title page for books. The most reliable author form is usually on the title page, not the cover.
• Be consistent with spacing and punctuation. Commas and periods are part of the format, not decoration.

Common pitfalls

• Using initials instead of full first names.
• Forgetting to invert the first author’s name.
• Inverting the second author in a two author source.
• Using & instead of and.
• Listing multiple authors before et al. in sources with three or more authors.
• Writing et al without the period after al.

Summary

MLA 9 author formatting follows a few consistent patterns. Use full first names, invert the first author, use and for two authors with the second author in normal order, and use et al. after the first author for three or more authors. These rules matter because they make your Works Cited list easy to alphabetize, easy to scan, and easy to match to your in text citations.

Title and Source Formatting

Overview, why title formatting matters in MLA 9

In MLA 9, title formatting is not decorative. It tells your reader what kind of source you used and how that source relates to a larger work. A title in quotation marks usually signals a smaller piece that belongs inside a larger container, like an article inside a journal or a chapter inside a book. A title in italics usually signals a complete, self contained work, like a book, a film, or the name of a journal itself. Using the correct formatting helps readers quickly understand what you cited and where to find it.

MLA 9 also requires consistent capitalization. Titles in your Works Cited list and in your writing should use Title Case, which makes titles easier to scan and keeps your formatting consistent across many source types.

Title Case capitalization (MLA9-R2.1)

Rule: All titles in MLA 9 use Title Case, meaning you capitalize the first word, the last word, and all principal words in between. Principal words include nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

Lowercase these words unless they are the first or last word of the title:
- Articles: a, an, the
- Coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
- Prepositions: in, on, at, to, of, for, with, by, and similar words

What Title Case looks like

Correct:
- "The Impact of Climate Change"
- Beloved: A Novel of Love

Incorrect:
- "The impact of climate change"
This is sentence case, not Title Case.

Practical tips for Title Case

• Always capitalize the last word, even if it is a preposition. Example: A Room with a View, not A Room with a view.
• Capitalize “to” when it is part of an infinitive verb, because it is functioning with a verb phrase in many titles. Many writers still lowercase “to” by habit, so check your title carefully.
• Keep the original spelling and punctuation of the title, including subtitles after colons. Use Title Case on both the main title and the subtitle.

Common pitfalls

• Capitalizing every word, including short prepositions and articles. Example: "The Impact Of Climate Change" is not MLA style.
• Forgetting to capitalize the first word after a colon. Example: Beloved: a Novel of Love should be Beloved: A Novel of Love.

When to use quotation marks for shorter works (MLA9-R2.2)

Rule: Use quotation marks for titles of shorter works that are part of a larger container. These works are not usually published as standalone items.

Use quotation marks for:
- Journal, magazine, and newspaper articles
- Chapters or essays in a book
- Web pages on a website (an individual page, not the whole site)
- Short stories
- Poems
- Episodes of a TV series

Why quotation marks matter

Quotation marks help your reader see that the title you named is a piece inside something bigger. In MLA, that “something bigger” is often the container, which you usually italicize. This creates a clear map of where the source lives.

Common pitfalls

• Using italics for an article title. In MLA 9, an article title is in quotation marks, not italics.
• Leaving off quotation marks because the title “looks like it should be italic.” If the work is a part of a larger whole, quotation marks are usually correct.
• Using both quotation marks and italics together on the same title, which MLA does not allow.

When to use italics for complete works (MLA9-R2.3)

Rule: Use italics for titles of complete, standalone works, especially works that can contain other works.

Use italics for:
- Books
- Journals (the journal name, not an article in the journal)
- Websites (the website name, not a specific page on the site)
- Films
- TV series (the series name, not an episode)

Why italics matter

Italics signal that the title is a full work that stands on its own. In MLA citations, these italicized works often act as containers. For example, a journal title is a container for an article, and a website name is a container for a web page.

Common pitfalls

• Putting a book title in quotation marks. Example: "Beloved" is incorrect in MLA.
• Forgetting to italicize a container title. This is one of the most common Works Cited errors.

Never use both quotation marks and italics on the same title (MLA9-R2.4)

Rule: Do not combine formatting styles for a single title. Choose one based on whether the work is shorter (quotation marks) or complete (italics).

Incorrect examples:
- "Book Title"
- "Article Title"

Why this rule matters: double formatting is redundant and makes your citation harder to read. MLA uses formatting to communicate meaning, not emphasis.

Examples with detailed explanations (correct formatting)

Example 1, Journal article in a journal (short work inside a container)

Correct MLA title formatting:
- Article title: "Modern Storytelling"
- Journal title: Journal of Modern Arts

Why this is correct:
- "Modern Storytelling" is a journal article, which is a shorter work that appears inside a larger publication. That is why it uses quotation marks.
- Journal of Modern Arts is the journal name, a complete work that contains many articles. That is why it is italicized.
- Both titles use Title Case, with major words capitalized.

Common wrong version and what it signals:
- Modern Storytelling
This incorrectly suggests the article is a standalone work like a book or film.

Example 2, Chapter in a book (short work inside a container)

Correct MLA title formatting:
- Chapter title: "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers"
- Book title: Teaching Writing Today

Why this is correct:
- The chapter is part of a book, so the chapter title goes in quotation marks.
- The book is a complete work, so the book title is italicized.
- The subtitle after the colon stays in Title Case, so “Engaging Reluctant Writers” is capitalized as principal words.

Practical tip: If you can point to a table of contents and find the piece listed as one section of a larger book, it is usually a shorter work and should be in quotation marks.

Example 3, Web page on a website (short work inside a container)

Correct MLA title formatting:
- Web page title: "Campus Safety Policies"
- Website name: University Policy Portal

Why this is correct:
- A specific web page is usually a smaller unit within a broader site. That is why the page title goes in quotation marks.
- The website name is the overall container, so it is italicized.
- Title Case applies to both the page title and the website name.

Common pitfall: Students often italicize the web page title because it feels like a “publication.” In MLA 9, the larger site is typically the publication level, and the page is the part inside it.

Practical checklist for MLA 9 title formatting

Step 1, apply Title Case to every title

• Capitalize first and last word.
• Capitalize major words.
• Lowercase articles, coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions unless first or last.

Step 2, decide whether the work is complete or part of a container

• If it is a complete work, use italics.
• If it is a shorter work inside a larger whole, use "quotation marks".

Step 3, format only once

• Use either italics or quotation marks, never both for the same title.

Quick reference, italics vs quotation marks

Use quotation marks for shorter works

• "Article Title"
• "Chapter Title"
• "Web Page Title"
• "Poem Title"
• "Short Story Title"
• "Episode Title"

Use italics for complete works

• Book Title
• Journal Title
• Website Name
• Film Title
• TV Series Title

If you want, I can apply these rules to 2 to 3 citations you are currently writing and correct the title formatting, capitalization, and container choices.

Dates, Publishers, and Locations

MLA 9 date formatting, what it is and why it matters

In MLA 9, dates are not just “extra details.” They help readers understand when a source was published, updated, or consulted. That matters because many sources, especially online sources, change over time. MLA also uses a consistent order for citation elements, so readers can quickly scan a Works Cited entry and find what they need.

Two ideas guide MLA 9 date rules:

1. Use the date format MLA expects, especially for sources with a specific day.
2. Place the date in the correct location in the citation, so the entry follows MLA’s standard sequence.

The rules below focus on four common needs in MLA 9: Day Month Year formatting, where the date goes in the citation, how to handle URLs, and how to format DOIs.

Date placement in MLA 9, after the publisher

The rule

In MLA 9, the publication date is placed after the publisher and before page numbers or a URL. This is part of MLA’s standard publication sequence.

Correct order pattern (simplified):

Publisher, Date, Pages or URL.

This matches the rule that the date follows the publisher in the publication sequence, and it avoids a common error, putting the date after page numbers or putting the date right after the author.

Why this rule matters

MLA citations are designed to be predictable. When every entry uses the same sequence, readers can locate key information quickly. If the date is moved to the wrong spot, the entry becomes harder to read, and it can look like a different citation style.

Common pitfalls to avoid

• Do not place the date after page numbers.
• Do not put the date in parentheses.
• Do not place the date immediately after the author, which is common in APA style.

Day Month Year format, when you have a specific date

The rule

For sources that provide a specific publication date, MLA 9 uses:

Day Month Year

Key details:
- Use no commas in the date.
- Use abbreviated months: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
- Example formats: 5 Feb. 2024, 28 Dec. 2025

This format is commonly used for journal articles, newspapers, magazines, and web pages that list a day and month.

Why this rule matters

This format is consistent across international audiences and avoids confusion caused by month day year formatting. For example, 3/4/2025 could mean March 4 or April 3 depending on the reader’s country. Writing 4 Mar. 2025 removes that ambiguity.

Common pitfalls to avoid

• Writing Feb. 5, 2024, this is not MLA’s date order and it includes a comma.
• Writing 2024-02-05, this is an ISO format, not MLA.
• Forgetting to abbreviate months, except May, June, and July, which stay as they are.

Year only dates, when no specific day is given

The rule

When the source provides only a year, MLA uses just the year, with no parentheses. This is common for books and films.

Example: 2024.

Why this rule matters

MLA focuses on what the source actually provides. If a book only lists a year, adding a month and day would be inaccurate. MLA also avoids parentheses around the year because the date is an element in the sentence like structure of the Works Cited entry, not a side note.

Common pitfalls to avoid

• Using (2024), parentheses are not used for the publication year in MLA.
• Omitting the final period after the year when it ends the entry or ends that element.

No date available, omit the date element

The rule

If no publication date is available, MLA 9 says to omit the date. Do not insert placeholders like “n.d.”

Correct approach: skip the date and move to the next element, often the URL.

Why this rule matters

Placeholders can suggest certainty when there is none. MLA prefers transparency. If you cannot find a date, you show that by leaving it out rather than guessing or adding a label.

Common pitfalls to avoid

• Writing n.d., MLA does not use it.
• Writing “no date,” MLA does not use that phrase as a substitute date.

Access dates, optional but often helpful

The rule

An access date is optional in MLA 9, but recommended when content changes frequently. The access date is placed at the end of the entry and uses the same Day Month Year format.

Format:

Accessed Day Month Year.

Example: Accessed 28 Dec. 2025.

Why this rule matters

If a page is updated often, your reader might not see the same version you used. An access date helps explain that difference and supports your credibility.

Common pitfalls to avoid

• Forgetting the word Accessed.
• Using the wrong date format, like month day year.
• Placing the access date before the URL, MLA places it at the end.

URLs in MLA 9, remove http:// and https://

The rule

In MLA 9, you typically include the URL without the protocol. That means you usually remove http:// and https://.

Correct style:
- example.com/page

Not:
- https://example.com/page

Why this rule matters

Removing the protocol keeps citations cleaner and easier to read. It also matches MLA’s preference for minimal punctuation and clutter, while still giving readers a workable link.

Practical tip

If your instructor or institution requires the full URL including https://, follow that local requirement. MLA’s default is to omit it, but course guidelines can override formatting preferences.

DOI formatting in MLA 9

The rule

If a source has a DOI, include it because it is more stable than many URLs. MLA commonly presents DOIs as a URL using the doi.org domain:

https://doi.org/xxxxx

In practice, many MLA guides accept either the DOI in URL form or as a doi: string, but the doi.org format is widely preferred because it functions as a direct link.

Why this rule matters

A DOI is designed to be permanent. Journal websites can change, but a DOI should still resolve to the source. Including it improves reliability for your reader.

Practical tip

If you include a DOI, you often do not need a separate URL for the same article. Use the DOI as the locator.

Examples with explanations

Example 1, journal article with pages, specific date, and correct placement

Works Cited entry (correct formatting):
Nguyen, Linh. “Urban Heat and Public Health.” Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 18, no. 2, Greenfield Press, 5 Feb. 2024, pp. 45-58.

What this demonstrates
- The date uses Day Month Year with an abbreviated month and no commas: 5 Feb. 2024.
- The date is placed after the publisher: Greenfield Press, 5 Feb. 2024, pp. 45-58.
- The page range comes after the date, which matches MLA’s required order.

Common wrong version to avoid
- Greenfield Press. pp. 45-58, 2024.
This places the date after pages, which breaks MLA’s sequence.

Example 2, web page with URL, access date, and URL without protocol

Works Cited entry (correct formatting):
Santos, Maribel. “How Coastal Cities Adapt to Rising Seas.” Climate Policy Network, Climate Policy Network, 28 Dec. 2025, climatepolicynetwork.org/coastal-cities-adaptation. Accessed 31 Dec. 2025.

What this demonstrates
- The publication date uses Day Month Year: 28 Dec. 2025.
- The date appears after the publisher and before the URL, which follows MLA’s order.
- The URL is included without https://.
- The access date is last and uses the same format, introduced by Accessed.

Common wrong versions to avoid
- Feb. 28, 2025, wrong order and includes a comma.
- Accessed placed before the URL, MLA places it at the end.
- Using n.d. when no date is listed, MLA says omit the date instead.

Example 3, journal article with DOI as the locator

Works Cited entry (correct formatting):
Patel, Rina. “Algorithmic Bias in Hiring Systems.” Computing and Society Review, vol. 12, no. 1, Eastbridge University Press, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1234/csr.2024.0017.

What this demonstrates
- The source provides a year, so MLA uses year only: 2024.
- The year appears after the publisher, then the DOI follows as the locator.
- The DOI is given in a usable, stable form.

Common wrong version to avoid
- (2024), parentheses are not used for the year in MLA Works Cited entries.

Quick checklist, practical tips and common pitfalls

Practical tips

• Copy the date exactly as given, then convert it into MLA format, Day Month Year.
• Check the element order, publisher first, then date, then pages or URL.
• Use a DOI when available, it is usually better than a standard URL.
• Add an access date when the page is likely to change.

Common pitfalls

• Using month day year with commas.
• Putting the date after page numbers.
• Adding “n.d.” instead of omitting the date.
• Leaving https:// in the URL when MLA expects a cleaner link.

If you want, I can format 2 to 3 of your real sources into MLA 9 Works Cited entries and point out exactly where the date, URL, and DOI rules apply.

In-Text Citations

What MLA 9 in-text citations do

In MLA 9, in-text citations show readers where specific information came from, and they point directly to the matching entry in your Works Cited list. They also help you avoid accidental plagiarism by making it clear what ideas, facts, and wording come from a source.

MLA in-text citations are usually brief. Most of the time, they include:

• The author’s last name (or a shortened title if no author is listed).
• A page number, when the source has page numbers.

The goal is clarity. A reader should be able to find the full source quickly in Works Cited, then locate the exact place in the source when page numbers exist.

Two main styles, parenthetical and narrative citations

MLA 9 lets you cite sources in two common ways. The information is the same, but the placement is different.

Parenthetical citations

A parenthetical citation goes in parentheses, usually at the end of the sentence that uses the source.

Basic format:
- (Author Page)

Key formatting rules:
- No comma between author and page number.
- No “p.” or “pp.” in the in-text citation.
- Put the citation before the final period of the sentence in most cases.

This matches MLA guidance that in-text citations use an author page format without extra labels. For example, you write (Morrison 42), not (Morrison, p. 42).

Narrative citations

A narrative citation works the author’s name into your sentence. Then you put only the page number in parentheses.

Basic format:
- Author says something (Page).

This can make your writing flow more smoothly, especially when you are discussing a source repeatedly.

The author page format, and why there is no “p.” or “pp.”

MLA 9 uses a simple author page format because it is fast to read and easy to match with Works Cited. It also stays consistent across many source types.

Correct:
- (Morrison 42)

Incorrect:
- (Morrison, 42)
- (Morrison, p. 42)
- (Morrison pp. 42-44)

Why this rule matters:
- Adding “p.”, “pp.”, or a comma is a common error that makes MLA citations look like another style. MLA expects the author and page to be separated only by a space. This consistency helps readers recognize citations instantly.

Note: “p.” and “pp.” do belong in Works Cited entries for page numbers, but not in in-text citations. Keep those two areas separate in your mind.

Where the citation goes in the sentence

In most cases, the in-text citation appears at the end of the sentence, before the final period.

Example pattern:
- Quoted or paraphrased material (Author Page).

If the cited material ends in a quotation, the citation comes after the closing quotation mark, then the sentence period comes last.

Example pattern:
- “Quoted material” (Author Page).

This placement matters because it keeps your sentence punctuation clean and makes the citation clearly belong to that sentence.

What to do when there are no page numbers

Many online sources, videos, and some ebooks do not have stable page numbers. MLA 9 still expects you to help readers locate the information, but you should not invent page numbers.

Here are common approaches, depending on what the source provides.

If the source has paragraph numbers

Some sources, especially in databases or online articles, show numbered paragraphs. If paragraph numbers are visible, you can use them.

Example approach:
- (Author par. 7)

If the paragraphs are not numbered, do not count them yourself in most classroom contexts unless your instructor specifically wants that. Instead, use another locator.

If the source has headings or section titles

You can name a section to help readers find the information.

Example approach:
- (Author, “Section Title”)

Keep the wording exactly as it appears in the source. Use quotation marks for the section title.

If the source is a video or audio recording

Use a timestamp range if it helps locate the material.

Example approach:
- (Creator 02:14-02:48)

Use the same name element you use to begin the Works Cited entry, often the creator or author.

If the source has no stable locators at all

Sometimes the best you can do is cite the author only.

Example approach:
- (Author)

This is acceptable when no page numbers or other clear locators exist. Your writing should also make the context clear, so the reader can find the passage by searching within the source.

Examples with correct formatting and detailed explanations

Example 1, parenthetical citation with a page number (book)

Sentence with a quotation:

Sethe’s memory is portrayed as both painful and unavoidable, showing how trauma reshapes daily life “into something that cannot be put down” (Morrison 42).

Why it is correct:
- The citation uses author page format: (Morrison 42).
- There is no comma between Morrison and 42.
- There is no “p.” or “pp.”.
- The citation appears after the quotation marks and before the period, which is standard MLA placement.

Practical tip:
If you mention Morrison in the sentence, switch to narrative style and cite only the page number, as shown in Example 2.

Example 2, narrative citation with a page number (book)

Sentence with a paraphrase:
Morrison shows that trauma is not only an event in the past, it becomes a force that shapes ordinary choices and relationships (42).

Why it is correct:
- The author’s name is included in the sentence, so the parentheses contain only the page number.
- The page number is not preceded by “p.”.

Common pitfall:
Do not write “(p. 42)” or “(page 42).” MLA in-text citations do not use those labels.

Example 3, source without page numbers (web article with a section title)

Sentence with a paraphrase:
The museum explains that the exhibit design is meant to guide visitors through the topic in stages rather than all at once (Nguyen, “Exhibit Layout”).

Why it is correct:
- There is no page number available, so the citation uses a helpful locator, the section title.
- The section title is in quotation marks, and it matches the wording used on the site.
- The author’s last name still appears first, which keeps the citation aligned with Works Cited.

Common pitfall:
Do not use a URL in an in-text citation. MLA expects the in-text citation to point to Works Cited, not to repeat the web address inside the essay.

Why these rules matter, clarity, credibility, and consistency

MLA’s in-text rules are designed to make reading easier. When citations follow the same pattern, readers do not have to stop and decode them. They can focus on your ideas while still being able to verify your evidence.

These rules also protect your credibility. Correct formatting signals that you handled sources carefully, and it makes your research easier for others to check.

Practical tips and common pitfalls to avoid

Practical tips

• Decide early whether you will use more parenthetical or more narrative citations, then stay consistent.
• When you revise, check every citation against Works Cited. The first element in the in-text citation should match the first element of the Works Cited entry, usually the author.
• If you use a source without page numbers, choose the clearest locator available, such as a section heading or timestamp.

Common pitfalls

• Adding a comma in the citation, like (Morrison, 42).
• Adding “p.” or “pp.” in the in-text citation.
• Forgetting that the citation usually goes before the period.
• Using unclear locators for no-page sources when a better option exists, such as using only (Nguyen) when the page has clear headings you can cite.

Summary checklist

• Use (Author Page) for most print sources.
• Use Author (Page) when the author is named in your sentence.
• Do not use p. or pp. in in-text citations.
• If there are no page numbers, use the best available locator, such as paragraph numbers, section titles, or timestamps.
• Keep citations consistent and easy to match with Works Cited.

📚 Comprehensive Examples

❌ Common Errors to Avoid

✅ Validation Checklist

🙋 Frequently Asked Questions

🔗 Related Resources

• MLA Citation Checker
• How to Cite Books in MLA
• MLA 9th Edition Guide